Background: Population ageing generates important social, economic and health consequences. Economic conditions are key social determinants of health and quality of life in old age. Income alone does not fully reflect living standards of older adults; consumption patterns provide complementary information on actual resource use and opportunities for social participation. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess income and consumption inequalities among households of individuals aged 60 years or older in Poland and to identify distinct consumption profiles and their socio-economic determinants, with implications for active ageing and public health. Material and Methods: The analysis was based on microdata from the 2024 Household Budget Survey conducted by Statistics Poland. The analytical sample comprised 12,211 households in which the reference person was aged 60 years or older. Inequality was measured using the Gini coefficient, Atkinson index, Hoover index, Coulter index and Theil indices for equivalised disposable income and selected COICOP expenditure categories. Hierarchical and k-means cluster analysis identified consumption patterns. Binary logistic regression models examined factors associated with cluster membership. Results: Income inequality was moderate. Consumption inequality was substantially higher, particularly for discretionary categories such as miscellaneous goods and services, household furnishings, recreation and culture, restaurants and hotels and transport. Three clusters were identified: low-income basic consumption households, balanced middle-income consumption households and an exploratory high-income outlier cluster. Higher equivalised disposable income and tertiary education increased the odds of diversified consumption patterns, whereas older age and larger household size were associated with expenditure concentrated on basic needs. Conclusions: Moderate income inequality coexists with pronounced consumption inequalities among older households in Poland. Economic differences are expressed primarily through the ability to satisfy higher-order needs related to mobility, leisure and social participation. Assessments of well-being in later life and policies supporting healthy and active ageing should therefore consider both income and consumption patterns.